Mental health articles
OF mental health care and mentally ill
May, 2016
Disorders of non-attachment
Disorders of non-attachment In these disorders the infant has not developed a clear preference for a specific attachment figure. This may occur in situations where infants have been seriously neglected or had multiple changes or carers. Two types of nonattachment are described: 1 With emotional withdrawal—In this situation the infant is emotionally withdrawn and unreactive […]
Tags: attachment, disorder
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REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER (DSM-IV)
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was first introduced in 1980 in DSM-III (APA, 1980) and modified in DSM-IIIR (APA, 1987) and DSM-IV (APA, 1994). DSM describes pathogenic care by primary carer as the underlying cause of the disorder and described two subtypes, ‘inhibited’ and ‘disinhibited’. RAD is characterised by disturbed social relatedness in most contexts. The […]
Tags: attachment, disorder
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attachment disorder symptoms in children
attachment disorder symptoms in children Attachment disorders are seen as generalised difficulties in relationships that may emerge from disturbed interactional patterns in the child’s primary caretaking experiences. In other words, the patterns observed reflect the infant’s current issues with attachment relationships and the way in which past relationship experiences have influenced current relationship models. Attachment […]
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Disorganised/disoriented attachment
Disorganised/disoriented attachment Infants who have experienced maltreatment or abuse at the hands of an attachment figure or whose parent is preoccupied with loss or trauma, will show signs of disturbed attachment behaviour and chronic stress. These infants may be classified as ‘disorganised’ (‘D’ pattern) in their attachment behaviours, as they do not develop an effective […]
Tags: attachment
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what is insecure attachment?
Insecure attachment Recall from earlier in this chapter that securely attached infants (‘B’ pattern) experience the carer as consistent, available and sensitive and that they are able to use the carer as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Insecurely attached infants may have experienced insensitive and/or inconsistent care and remain anxious about […]
Tags: attachment
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defining disorders of attachment
It has long been recognised that infants and children exposed to disturbed and traumatising early care may have long-term difficulties in emotional interaction and relationships. Only recently, however, have there been attempts to describe the mechanisms involved in some of the observed longer term difficulties, or to describe and classify types of attachment disorders. One […]
Tags: attachment, disorders
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Attachment theory—hypotheses
Attachment theory—hypotheses Holmes (2001, p. 6) lists several hypotheses arising from attachment theory. To paraphrase here: • Universality hypothesis: In all known cultures, human infants become attached to one or more specific caregivers. • Normality hypothesis: About 70 per cent of infants become securely attached. Secure attachment is numerically and physiologically normal. • Sensitivity hypothesis: […]
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The Adult Attachment Interview
The Adult Attachment Interview More recently, Mary Main and co-workers have developed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) protocol, a semi-structured interview that includes a series of increasingly targeted questions and prompts designed to elicit memories and representations of early attachment relationships (George, Kaplan & Main, 1996). This standardised interview undertaken with adults is transcribed and […]
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PATTERNS OF ATTACHMENT
The attachment patterns identified at 12 to 18 months of age in the Strange Situation Procedure are: B: Secure—the infant knows how to signal her needs and the parent is able and happy to meet her in a relatively consistent way. The secure pattern is characterised by a balance between attachment and exploration, and by […]
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The Strange Situation Procedure
The Strange Situation Procedure The next major impetus to the development of attachment theory was the design and implementation, by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters and Wall (1978), of the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP): an observation of the phenomena that occur when infants are separated and then re-united with their caregivers. By careful observation of video-tape of […]
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