Mental health articles

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Panic Disorder

Manipulation of safety behaviours in panic disorder

Safety behaviours are the acts that people carry out which are designed to prevent a feared catastrophe or outcome. The client may also see them as things that help them cope in a situation. Salkovskis et al. conducted a survey of the types of safety behaviours people employed. Examples of safety behaviours in panic disorder […]

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Exposure to feared stimuli in panic disorder

Exposure may be practised as detailed above. However, in cognitive therapy exposure is used in the context of helping to modify thoughts and beliefs. For example, in panic disorder with agoraphobia a client may be asked to enter an avoided situation and remain until anxiety has reduced by 50 per cent. The therapist’s focus at […]

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Treatment efficacy: panic disorder

Treatment efficacy: panic disorder Unfortunately, neither The NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination nor the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  databases have examined panic disorder whether it is with or without agoraphobia. However, the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination has published a review of the efficacy and cognitive processes of cognitive behaviour therapy in […]

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panic disorder case example

PANIC DISORDER case Carole is a 17-year-old girl who will be sitting her A-level examinations in June. She is hoping to go on to university in September, where she will read psychology. Carole’s parents are proud of her and have always made it clear to Carole that they expect her to do well. While studying […]

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What Is Panic Disorder Agoraphobia

‘Panic disorder’ is the term given for an attack of severe anxiety and fear that envelops the person at any time without any cause or stimulus. The person could be carrying on with their daily activities when, suddenly, they can develop an overwhelming sense of panic for no apparent reason. Theperson may feel as if […]

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panic disorder symptoms and characteristics

Panic attacks occur in a number of anxiety disorders and may be a response to various external situations or triggers, as in specific phobias. Where the occurrence becomes the central cause for concern, panic disorder is said to develop. Unlike other anxiety disorders, where the situations that trigger panic attacks can be easily identified, panic […]

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How to treatment of panic disorder

Cognitive behavioural interventions Some of the most successful treatment programmes for panic disorder have been based onClark’s aetiological model. Clark et al. (1994), for example, developed a two-phase treatment approach. The first phase involved teaching clients the cognitive model of panic. The second involved three elements: relaxation to reduce physiological arousal at the time of […]

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Aetiology of panic disorder

Genetic factors Evidence that panic disorder has a genetic component can be found in studies such as that by Kendler et al. who found concordance rates of 24 per cent between MZ twins, and 11 per cent between DZ twins. These and other data placed within a meta-analysis by Hettema et al. indicated that panic […]

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What is panic disorder?

A panic attack is a period of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within ten minutes, and is associated with at least four symptoms including breathlessness, palpitations, dizziness or trembling, nausea, and tingling sensations in the arms and fi ngers. As noted earlier, this may be a severe element of a phobic response. […]

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Agoraphobia without History of Panic Disorder

A person with this disorder has never had problems that meet criteria for panic disorder. Instead, he or she fears, and may avoid, situations in which it would be difficult or embarrassing to leave in the event of the sud- den onset of anxiety, which may represent a “limited symptom attack” that would not include […]

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